"I want to ask about a generous fourth-circle wizard who offers to cast the anti-anti-shoe-spell for just one gold piece, but I'm guessing you'll say that towns settle into an equilibrium where literally nobody has anything extra to spend on anything, because, if they did, one more of their kids would have lived and that kid would now be eating the extra food.  This, unfortunately, makes it harder for me to concretely define the concept of consumer surplus, but suppose I tell you that consumer surplus is the amount that people would be sad if shoes stopped existing.  They would, on the one hand, be happy never to pay for shoes again, but, on the other hand, they would be even sadder than that, because the shoes were worth more to them than what they paid.  We in dath ilan would expect people to be a noticeable amount of sad, rather than just shrugging because they were only barely in favor of paying for shoes in the first place at standard shoe prices."

"I want to ask about a generous fourth-circle wizard who offers to cast the anti-anti-shoe-spell for just one gold piece, but I'm guessing you'll say that towns settle into an equilibrium where literally nobody has anything extra to spend on anything, because, if they did, one more of their kids would have lived and that kid would now be eating the extra food.  This, unfortunately, makes it harder for me to concretely define the concept of consumer surplus around a counterfactual willingness to pay any more.  But suppose I tell you that consumer surplus is the amount that people would be sad if shoes stopped existing.  They would, on the one hand, be happy never to pay for shoes again, but, on the other hand, they would be even sadder than that, because the shoes were worth more to them than what they paid.  We in dath ilan would expect people to be a noticeable amount of sad, rather than just shrugging because they were only barely in favor of paying for shoes in the first place at standard shoe prices."

"I want to ask about a generous fourth-circle wizard who offers to cast the anti-anti-shoe-spell for just one gold piece, but I'm guessing you'll say that towns settle into an equilibrium where literally nobody has anything extra to spend on anything, because, if they did, one more of their kids would have lived and that kid would now be eating the extra food.  This, unfortunately, makes it harder for me to concretely define the concept of consumer surplus around a counterfactual willingness to pay any more."

"So suppose instead I tell you that consumer surplus is the amount that people would be sad if shoes stopped existing.  They would, on the one hand, be happy never to pay for shoes again, but, on the other hand, they would be even sadder than that, because the shoes were worth more to them than what they paid.  We in dath ilan would expect people to be a noticeable amount of sad, rather than just shrugging because they were only barely in favor of paying for shoes in the first place at standard shoe prices."

"I want to ask about a generous fourth-circle wizard who offers to cast the anti-anti-shoe-spell for just one gold piece, but I'm guessing you'll say that towns settle into an equilibrium where nobody has a gold piece to spend on anything, because, if they did, one more of their kids would have lived and that kid would now be eating the extra food.  This, unfortunately, makes it harder for me to concretely define the concept of consumer surplus around a counterfactual willingness to pay any more."

"So suppose instead I tell you that consumer surplus is the amount that people would be sad if shoes stopped existing.  They would, on the one hand, be happy never to pay for shoes again, but, on the other hand, they would be even sadder than that, because the shoes were worth more to them than what they paid.  We in dath ilan would expect people to be a noticeable amount of sad, rather than just shrugging because they were only barely in favor of paying for shoes in the first place at standard shoe prices."

"I want to ask about a generous fourth-circle wizard who offers to cast the anti-anti-shoe-spell for just one gold piece, but I'm guessing you'll say that towns settle into an equilibrium where nobody has a gold piece to spend on anything, because, if they did, one more of their kids would have lived and that kid would now be eating more food.  This, unfortunately, makes it harder for me to concretely define the concept of consumer surplus around a counterfactual willingness to pay any more."

"So suppose instead I tell you that consumer surplus is the amount that people would be sad if shoes stopped existing.  They would, on the one hand, be happy never to pay for shoes again, but, on the other hand, they would be even sadder than that, because the shoes were worth more to them than what they paid.  We in dath ilan would expect people to be a noticeable amount of sad, rather than just shrugging because they were only barely in favor of paying for shoes in the first place at standard shoe prices."

"I want to ask about a generous fourth-circle wizard who offers to cast the anti-anti-shoe-spell for just one gold piece, but I'm guessing you'll say that towns settle into an equilibrium where nobody has a gold piece to spend on anything, because, if they did, one more of their kids would have lived and that kid would now be eating more food.  This, unfortunately, makes it harder for me to define the concept of consumer surplus around a counterfactual willingness to pay any more."

"So suppose instead I tell you that consumer surplus is the amount that people would be sad if shoes stopped existing.  They would, on the one hand, be happy never to pay for shoes again, but, on the other hand, they would be even sadder than that, because the shoes were worth more to them than what they paid.  We in dath ilan would expect people to be a noticeable amount of sad, rather than just shrugging because they were only barely in favor of paying for shoes in the first place at standard shoe prices."